微波消解—ICP-OES法同时测定有机肥、复混肥和尿素中多种元素含量的研究

采用微波消解法处理样品,建立了电感耦合等离子体光谱法同时测定有机肥、复混肥和尿素中铅(Pb)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铬(Cr)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)、钴(Co)、锌(Zn)、镍(Ni)和锑(Sb)11种元素的分析方法。优化了微波消解条件、仪器条件,进行了方法的检出限、精密度、准确性试验。方法检出限为0.003~0.015 mg/L,相对标准偏差均8.1%,回收率为82.4%~103%,通过水系沉积物标准参考样(GBW-07311)及国家标准方法的验证表明,该方法具有简便、快速、准确、灵敏度高等特点,适合有机肥、复混肥和尿素中11种元素的同时测定。     

膨润土改善鸡粪厌氧消化产酸产甲烷特性

为探究膨润土对鸡粪厌氧消化过程中产甲烷特性和可溶性有机酸代谢特性的影响,采用L8(23)正交试验设计,以鸡粪添加量(有机负荷率)、膨润土添加量和接种量为三因素,每个因素设置2个水平,研究了中温条件下(35±1)℃膨润土添加对鸡粪厌氧消化过程中产酸和产甲烷特性的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,低有机负荷条件下,膨润土添加能显著(P0.05)提高鸡粪挥发性固体(volatile solid,VS)产甲烷量,添加量为3.0%和1.5%时VS产甲烷量分别提升了22.72%、27.72%(膨润土添加量不同的组差异不显著(P0.05));高有机负荷条件下,膨润土添加能极显著(P0.01)提高鸡粪VS产甲烷量,添加量为3.0%和1.5%时VS产甲烷量分别提升了78.68%和55.41%(膨润土添加量不同的组差异显著(P0.05))。当鸡粪添加量为19.91 g挥发性固体,膨润土添加量为3.0%(占干基比)和接种量为80 m L(体积分数20%)时,单位挥发性固体产甲烷量最高为301.92 m L/g,比对照组高87.8%,此时可变成本也最低为2.43元/m~3,比两对照组分别低1.29和1.68元/m~3。方差分析表明:膨润土添加可提高鸡粪厌氧消化过程中挥发性脂肪酸,pH值,可溶性有机碳和可溶性无机碳的稳定性。膨润土可加强鸡粪厌氧消化系统的稳定性,降低产甲烷的可变成本,为膨润土强化鸡粪厌氧处理提供了试验验证据。     

土壤沉积物样品中有机碳含量的快速测定

采用微波密闭消解样品的方法来测定土壤／沉积物中有机碳的含量。与重铬酸钾氧化法的结果相比，微波消化法具有操作简单、污染小、快速准确的优点。经F检验法及t检验法检验，两种方法的分析结果无明显差异。     

No easy solution for the fractionation of faecal nitrogen in captive wild herbivores: results of a pilot study

Faecal nitrogen (FN) concentration is used as a marker for habitat quality and digestive efficiency in free‐ranging herbivores. In herbivores, FN can be separated into undigested plant N (analysed as the N concentration of the neutral detergent residue) and metabolic faecal N (MFN). It has been suggested that by differential analysis of the faecal fibre‐bound N, the MFN fraction can be further split into a bacterial N and an endogenous N fraction [Hesta et al., Br. J. Nutr. 90 (2003) 1007]. We applied these methods to 96 faecal samples of 48 mammalian herbivore species from zoos. Species were grouped into coprophageous and non‐coprophageous hindgut fermenters and ruminating and non‐ruminating foregut fermenters. Diet was not controlled. The FN decreased with body mass, possibly reflecting higher proportions of concentrates in diets of smaller animals. The proportion of MFN increased with FN, indicating that higher quality food might enhance the gastrointestinal bacterial flora. The only outlier to this pattern was the lesser panda (Ailurus fulgens), confirming the low relevance of fermentative digestion in this herbivorous ‘carnivore’. No relevant differences between the four digestion types were noted. The proportion of endogenous faecal N (32–80% of FN) was always higher than that of bacterial faecal N (7–30%), which contradicts basal understanding of herbivore digestive physiology. Thus, the method of Hesta et al. (2003) does not appear applicable to herbivores. While the results do not exclude the possibility that detailed differences might occur between digestion types, they indicate a high degree of similarity between herbivores that rely on bacterial fermentation, regardless of their digestion type, with respect to metabolic faecal losses.     

甘肃茵陈蒿超临界CO2萃取产物化学成分的差异性分析

采用超临界CO2萃取联合气相色谱-质谱法检测了茵陈蒿Artemisia capillaris萃取产物化学成分,并与水蒸气蒸馏法相比较。结果从超临界CO2萃取提取物成分中确定了76种化合物,从水蒸气蒸馏提取物成分中确定了48种化合物。其中长马鞭草烯酮含量分别为37.35%和26.68%,2种方法测得的成分有所差异。与传统水蒸气蒸馏法相比,采用超临界CO2法更能真实、全面地反映茵陈蒿的化学组分,实验为进一步研究利用茵陈蒿植物资源提供了科学依据。     

Comparison between manual and automated total nucleated cell counts using the ADVIA 120 for pleural and peritoneal fluid samples from dogs,cats, horses,and alpacas

Background: Analysis of body fluids includes an estimate of total nucleated cell count (TNCC). Automated methods may enhance the accuracy and timeliness of TNCC results. Objective: The purpose of this report was to assess the ability of the ADVIA 120 hematology analyzer to accurately count nucleated cells in pleural and peritoneal fluids from animals, compared with manual counts. Methods: Pleural and peritoneal fluids submitted in EDTA tubes to our laboratory over a 17‐month period were used in the study. TNCC/μL was determined by a manual method, using a hemocytometer, and by an automated method, using the ADVIA 120. Correlation of results was determined by Passing‐Bablok regression, Bland–Altman plots, and Pearson correlation analysis. Results: Samples from dogs (n=36), cats (n=36), horses (n=59), and alpacas (n=11) were analyzed. High correlation in TNCC between methods was found for peritoneal fluid (n=93, r=.959), pleural fluid (n=49, r=.966), and all fluids combined (n=142, r=.960) (P<.001). Variation between methods was greater in samples with TNCCs<1000/μL (r=.62, P<.001). The ADVIA systematically overestimated the number of cells in all fluid samples by 95 cells/μL (confidence interval=19.2–190.5/μL). Conclusion: The ADVIA 120 reliably determines TNCC in pleural and peritoneal effusions and can be recommended for routine veterinary laboratory analysis.     

蛋氨酸对幼建鲤生长及消化吸收功能的影响

选择体重为(12.34±0.02)g健康建鲤864尾,平均分成6组,每组设3个重复,每个重复48尾。6个处理组分别饲喂蛋氨酸水平为0.39%、0.70%、1.00%、1.30%、1.60%和1.90%的饲料,试验期60 d。结果表明:饲料中蛋氨酸水平显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响幼建鲤增重、摄食量、饲料系数、蛋白、脂肪和灰分沉积率;饲料蛋氨酸水平对组织谷-草转氨酶活力、血氨浓度也有极显著影响(P<0.01);饲料蛋氨酸水平显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响幼建鲤肝胰脏重、肝胰脏蛋白含量、肠重、肠长、肠蛋白含量、肠皱襞高度、肠道和肝胰脏蛋白酶活力、脂肪酶活力、肠碱性磷酸酶活力、肠Na+,K+-ATPase活力。试验结果说明,蛋氨酸可促进幼建鲤消化器官生长发育、提高消化酶活性、增强吸收能力、从而提高生产性能。     

水牛卵泡液中雌二醇和睾酮水平变化的初步研究

试验采用ELISA法对离体水牛卵巢不同大小卵泡液中的雌二醇(E2)和睾酮(T3)水平进行了定量分析.结果表明:较大卵泡(直径≥6 mm)液中雌二醇的平均浓度是中小卵泡(直径为2～5 mm)液中的8.5倍;而中小卵泡液中睾酮的平均浓度则是较大卵泡液中的3.3倍;较大卵泡液中雌二醇与睾酮比值显著高于中小卵泡.试验结果说明高浓度的雌激素对卵泡的发育有促进作用,而高浓度的雄激素则发挥抑制作用.     

神东矿区堆积弃土坡地入渗规律试验研究

选择了神东矿区内土壤类型一致、土壤初始含水率、坡度相似而弃土时间分别为2002～2003年、1996～1997年、1990～1991年的小区和原状土,以及弃土时间为1990～1991年、植被覆盖度相似的不同坡度及坡度、植被覆盖度相似而坡长不同的10个试验小区进行强度为2.0 mm/min人工降雨模拟试验。通过对各场降雨进行入渗率计算,获得10场入渗率变化曲线。结果表明,不同时间堆积弃土具有不同的稳定入渗率,新堆积坡地入渗率要明显高于原状土,达到稳定入渗时间要比原状土长。随着堆积时间的延长,稳定入渗率逐渐下降到原状土水平。坡度、坡长的变化影响弃土坡地入渗过程。坡度越大,产流越快、入渗过程越不稳定;坡长越长,产流越慢、入渗率变化越大。但在其它条件相似的情况下,坡度、坡长的改变对稳定入渗率的影响较小。     

坡面薄层水流流态判定方法的初步探讨

为了研究坡面薄层水流流态的判定方法，从水力学与泥沙动力学观点出发，在4种不同坡度有机玻璃床面与人工粗糙床面(砂粒粒径为0.5～1 mm)上对坡面薄层水流进行了试验研究，并应用水力学二元流雷诺数与泥沙动力学绕流雷诺数对坡面薄层水流流态进行了分析比较，研究结果表明绕流雷诺数能较好反映坡面薄层水流流态。